SUMMARY In his 2001 article,“Translation: in retrospect and prospect,” the late Carl Woese
made a prescient observation that there was a need for the then-current view of translation …

Amides are widespread in biologically active compounds with a broad range of applications
in biotechnology, agriculture and medicine. Therefore, as alternative to chemical synthesis …

During peptide-bond formation on the ribosome, the α-amine of an aminoacyl-tRNA attacks
the ester carbonyl carbon of a peptidyl-tRNA to yield a peptide lengthened by one amino …

The origins and evolution of the ribosome, 3–4 billion years ago, remain imprinted in the
biochemistry of extant life and in the structure of the ribosome. Processes of ribosomal RNA …

Oxyanion holes are commonly found in many enzyme structures. They are crucial for the
stabilization of high-energy oxyanion intermediates or transition states through hydrogen …

An RNA World that predated the modern world of polypeptide and polynucleotide is one of
the most widely accepted models in origin of life research. In this model, the translation …

In an earlier study, β3-puromycin was used for the selection of modified ribosomes, which
were utilized for the incorporation of five different β-amino acids into Escherichia coli …

Highlights•The ribosome's active site catalyzes diverse chemical reactions.•Peptide bond
formation proceeds through a fully concerted proton shuttle mechanism.•The transition state …

The peptidyl transferase center (PTC) in the large subunit of the ribosome plays a critical
role in protein synthesis by catalyzing the formation of peptide bonds with an astounding …

Ribosomes transform the genetic information encoded within genes into proteins. In recent
years, there has been much progress in the study of this complex molecular machine, but …