Importance Despite women composing half of current medical school classes, surgical
specialties still struggle to attract and retain women. Even after successful recruitment into …

Restrictive gender norms and gender inequalities are replicated and reinforced in health
systems, contributing to gender inequalities in health. In this Series paper, we explore how …

Purpose Prior studies have found that women in academic medicine do not advance or
remain in their careers in parity with men. The authors examined a cohort of faculty from the …

Methods| After approval from the University of Michigan institutional review board and
waiver of written informed consent, in 2014 we conducted a postal survey of individuals who …

Importance Mistreatment is a common experience among surgical residents and is
associated with burnout. Women have been found to experience mistreatment at higher …

Little is known about the climate of the scientific fieldwork setting as it relates to gendered
experiences, sexual harassment, and sexual assault. We conducted an internet-based …

Importance Previous studies have shown high rates of mistreatment among US general
surgery residents, leading to poor well-being. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer …

Despite the dramatically increased entry of women into general surgery and surgical
subspecialties, traditionally male-dominated fields, there remains a gross under …

[This paper is part of the Focused Collection on Gender in Physics.] Sexism occurs when
men are believed to be superior to women, and is thought to be one of the reasons for …

Background Women represent 15% of practicing general surgeons. Gender-based
discrimination has been implicated as discouraging women from surgery. We sought to …