Macrophages are sentinel cells of the innate immune system and have important functions
in development, tissue homeostasis, and immunity. These phylogenetically ancient cells …

Alterations in the levels of numerous second messengers are ubiquitous responses to all
stresses that lead to apoptotic or hormetic responses. The sheer number and vast diversity …

Cellular ageing results in accumulating damage to various macromolecules and the
progressive decline of organelle function. Yeast vacuoles as well as their counterpart in …

The prevailing models of stress induced Programmed Cell Death (PCD) posit that excess
extracellular chemicals interact with or enter cells and disrupts cellular homeostasis. This …

Achieving adequate micronutrient status, while avoiding deficiencies, represents a
challenge for people globally. Consequently, many individuals resort to oral nutrient …

Cell signaling regulates several physiological processes by receiving, processing, and
transmitting signals between the extracellular and intracellular environments. In signal …

The cell proliferation of bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) and consequent milk
synthesis are regulated by multiple factors. The purpose of this study was to examine the …

Human α-synuclein expression in baker's yeast reportedly induces mitochondria-dependent
apoptosis. Surprisingly, we find that, under de-repressing conditions of the inducible …

A human cDNA encoding the LIM domain containing 194 amino acid cysteine and glycine
rich protein 3 (CSRP3) was identified as a BAX suppressor in yeast and a pro-survival …

Throughout a cell's lifetime, it will experience changes to its external and/or internal
environment that have the potential to perturb its own homeostasis. These challenges are …