Poxviruses, of which vaccinia virus is the prototype, are a large family of double-stranded
DNA viruses that replicate exclusively in the cytoplasm of infected cells. This physical and …

Abstract The Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis can initiate the process of sporulation
under conditions of nutrient limitation. Here, we review some of the last 5 years of work in …

Structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) protein complexes structure genomes by
extruding DNA loops, but the molecular mechanism that underlies their activity has …

It has been over 20 years since the pioneering work of Arthur Ashkin, and in the intervening
years, the field of optical tweezers has grown tremendously. Optical tweezers are now being …

Helicases and translocases are a ubiquitous, highly diverse group of proteins that perform
an extraordinary variety of functions in cells. Consequently, this review sets out to define a …

Type IV secretion systems (T4SS) translocate DNA and protein substrates across prokaryotic
cell envelopes generally by a mechanism requiring direct contact with a target cell. Three …

The bacterial type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) translocate DNA and protein substrates to
bacterial or eukaryotic target cells generally by a mechanism dependent on direct cell-to-cell …

Type VII secretion systems (T7SSs) have a key role in the secretion of effector proteins in
non-pathogenic mycobacteria and pathogenic mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium …

A molecular motor is made of either a single macromolecule or a macromolecular complex.
Just like their macroscopic counterparts, molecular motors “transduce” input energy into …

Homomeric ring ATPases perform many vital and varied tasks in the cell, ranging from
chromosome segregation to protein degradation. Here we report the direct observation of …