This paper aimed to explore and clarify the concept of behavioral flexibility. A selective
literature review explored how the concept of behavioral flexibility has been used in ways …

Whether animals have subjective experiences about the content of their sensory input, ie,
whether they are aware of stimuli, is a notoriously difficult question to answer. If …

Despite the impressive growth of knowledge on the phylogenetic systematics of dart-poison
frogs and their relatives (Dendrobatoidea) over the past decade, many problems remain to …

Despite rising interest among scientists for over two centuries, parental care behavior has
not been as thoroughly studied in amphibians as it has in other taxa. The first reports of …

Many organisms have evolved adaptations to increase the odds of survival of their offspring.
Parental care has evolved several times in animals including ectotherms. In amphibians …

Animal cognitive abilities have traditionally been studied in the lab, but studying cognition in
nature could provide several benefits including reduced stress and reduced impact on life …

The challenges of seasonal environments are thought to contribute to brain evolution, but in
which way is debated. According to the Cognitive Buffer Hypothesis (CBH) brain size should …

Vertebrate hippocampal formation is central to conversations on the comparative analysis of
spatial cognition, especially in light of variation found in different vertebrate classes …

Sex differences in vertebrate spatial abilities are typically interpreted under the adaptive
specialization hypothesis, which posits that male reproductive success is linked to larger …

The ability to associate environmental cues with valuable resources strongly increases the
chances of finding them again, and thus memory often guides animal movement. For …