Neurons in the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) exhibit a wide heterogeneity in terms of
their neurochemical nature, their discharge properties, and their connectivity. Such …

In 1966, Shik, Severin and Orlovskii discovered that electrical stimulation of a region at the
junction between the midbrain and hindbrain elicited controlled walking and running in the …

Deep brain electrical stimulation has become a recognized therapy in the treatment of a
variety of motor disorders and has potentially promising applications in a wide range of …

Cholinergic neurons in the rostral brainstem, including the pedunculopontine nucleus
(PPN), are critical for switching behavioural state from sleep to wakefulness, and their …

Though a multi-facetted disorder, Parkinson's disease is prototypically characterized by
neurodegeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars …

The noradrenergic and cholinergic modulation of functionally distinct regions of the brain
has become one of the primary organizational principles behind understanding the …

How does deep brain stimulation (DBS) applied at high frequency (100 Hz and above, HFS)
in diverse points of cortico‐basal ganglia thalamo‐cortical loops alleviate symptoms of …

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has proven to be capable of providing significant benefits for
several neuropathologies. It is highly effective in reducing the motor symptoms of …

The basal ganglia are thought to be important in the selection of wanted and the
suppression of unwanted motor patterns according to explicit rules (ie response inhibition) …

Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) is widely used to treat patients with
Parkinson's disease (PD), and recent studies have shown that it is more beneficial for early …