Motivation has been defined as the process that allows organisms to regulate their internal
and external environment, and control the probability, proximity and availability of stimuli. As …

The onset of schizophrenia occurs during a period critical for development of social
relationships and functional independence. As such, interventions that target the early …

Integrating costs and benefits is crucial for optimal decision-making. Although much is
known about decisions that involve outcome-related costs (eg, delay, risk), many of our …

Motivation deficits, such as apathy, are pervasive in both neurological and psychiatric
diseases. Even when they are not the core symptom, they reduce quality of life, compromise …

Motivational and hedonic impairments are core aspects of a variety of types of
psychopathology. These impairments cut across diagnostic categories and may be critical to …

Background Anhedonia, as a dysregulation of the reward circuit, is present in both Major
Depressive Disorder (MDD) and schizophrenia (SZ). Aims To elucidate the clinical and …

Abnormal reward processing is a prominent transdiagnostic feature of psychopathology. The
present review provides a framework for considering the different aspects of reward …

Impairments in willingness to exert effort contribute to the motivational deficits characteristic
of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. The current study evaluated the psychometric …

Inflammatory cytokines have been shown to have a direct effect on mesolimbic dopamine
(DA) that is associated with a reduced willingness to expend effort for reward. To date …

Because negative symptoms, including motivational deficits, are a critical unmet need in
schizophrenia, there are many ongoing efforts to develop new pharmacological and …