A carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF) is an abnormal communication between arteries and veins
within the cavernous sinus and may be classified as either direct or dural. Direct CCFs are …

Orbital cellulitis (OC) is an inflammatory process that involves the tissues located posterior to
the orbital septum within the bony orbit, but the term generally is used to describe infectious …

A cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistula (CS-DAVF) is an abnormal arteriovenous
communication involving the dura mater within or near the CS wall. The dural arteries from …

In this third review article on the endovascular management of intracranial dural AVFs, we
discuss transvenous embolization approaches. Transvenous embolization is increasingly …

Carotid-cavernous fistulae (CCFs) are the result of an anomalous connection between the
venous system of the cavernous sinus and either the internal carotid artery (ICA), meningeal …

Background A cavernous sinus (CS) dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) is a form of
abnormal arteriovenous communication that can be treated with endovascular embolization …

Background and objectives Carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCFs) represent a group of rare,
abnormal arteriovenous communications between the carotid arterial system and the …

The transorbital approach (TOA) is gaining popularity in skull base surgery scenarios. This
approach represents a valuable surgical corridor to access various compartments and safely …

Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVF) are abnormal connections between
intracranial arterial and venous systems within the dural layers. Intracranial DAVFs are rare …

CONCLUSION: Cavernous-carotid fistulas that are not amenable to endovascular or
transorbital treatment can be successfully treated by packing the CS fistula site with crushed …