Although the toxicity of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) is recognized at different
trophic levels, our know-how about their effects on amphibians is limited. Thus, we present …

Highlights•The fungal mycobiome on the skin is shaped by skin physiology and
age.•Disruption of fungal–bacterial network is associated with dermatological …

This review summarizes the role of environmental factors on amphibian microbiotas at the
organismal, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere levels. At the organismal …

Chytridiomycosis, caused by the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), is a
leading cause of global amphibian declines. Severe infections with Bd can lead to cardiac …

Microbial diversity positively influences community resilience of the host microbiome.
However, extinction risk factors such as habitat specialization, narrow environmental …

Background Host microbiomes may differ under the same environmental conditions and
these differences may influence susceptibility to infection. Amphibians are ideal for …

Abstract Theory predicts that susceptibility to disease in ectothermic hosts increases as
temperatures depart from host's thermal optima, because pathogens have functionally …

The composition and diversity of animal-associated microbial communities are shaped by
multiple ecological and evolutionary processes acting at different spatial and temporal …

Highlights•Batrachochytrium fungi behave as stealth pathogens in amphibian skin.•Bd and
Bsal release immunomodulatory metabolites, kynurenine, MTA, & spermidine.• …

Skin microbiomes in amphibians are complex systems that can be influenced by biotic and
abiotic factors. In this study, we examined the effect of host species and environmental …