Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system that
causes demyelination, axonal degeneration and astrogliosis, resulting in progressive …

The concentration of sodium ions (Na+) is raised in solid tumours and can be measured at
the cellular, tissue and patient levels. At the cellular level, the Na+ gradient across the …

Sodium is an essential ion that plays a central role in many physiological processes
including the transmembrane electrochemical gradient and the maintenance of the body's …

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a critical role in maintaining ion and fluid homeostasis,
essential for brain metabolism and neuronal function. Regulation of nutrient, water, and ion …

In multiple sclerosis (MS), experimental and ex vivo studies indicate that pathologic intra-
and extracellular sodium accumulation may play a pivotal role in inflammatory as well as …

Molecular imaging techniques have rapidly progressed over recent decades providing
unprecedented in vivo characterization of metabolic pathways and molecular biomarkers …

Space medicine and new technology such as magnetic resonance imaging of tissue sodium
stores (23 NaMRI) have changed our understanding of human sodium homeostasis and …

Magnetic resonance imaging has been crucial in the development of anti-inflammatory
disease-modifying treatments. The current landscape of multiple sclerosis clinical trials is …

Following prolonged exposure to hypoxic conditions, for example, due to ascent to high
altitude, stroke, or traumatic brain injury, cerebral edema can develop. The exact nature and …

While the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) remains unclear, research from the clinic and
preclinical models identified the essential role of inflammation and demyelination in the …