Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine kinematic and energetic differences
between front crawl and backstroke performed at the same aerobic speeds. Methods Ten …

The current study investigated body roll amplitude and timing of its peak in backstroke and
compared them with front crawl swimming. Nineteen anatomical landmarks were digitised …

The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in Froude efficiency (η F) and active
drag (DA) between front crawl and backstroke at the same speed. η F was investigated by …

Background: Coaches are often challenged to optimize swimmers' technique at different
training and competition intensities, but 3-dimensional (3D) analysis has not been …

The purpose of this study was to investigate why front crawl is faster than backstroke from a
kinematic perspective. Three-dimensional kinematics were obtained from one upper-limb …

Body segment parameters (BSPs) such as segment mass, center of mass, and radius of
gyration are required in many ergonomic tools and biomechanical models to estimate injury …

Objectives Swimming intra-cycle velocity fluctuation has often been assessed using the
coefficient of variation, which requires a mathematical assumption of a positive linear …

Body segment parameters such as segment mass, center of mass, and radius of gyration are
used as inputs in static and dynamic ergonomic and biomechanical models used to predict …

The inherent hydrodynamic resistance force, or passive drag, of a swimmer directly
influences how they move through the water. For swimmers with physical impairments, the …

Whole-body volumes and segmental volumes are highly related to the health and medical
condition of individuals. However, the traditional manual post-processing of raw 3D scanned …