At intervals that vary from 2 to 10 yr sea-surface temperatures and rainfall are unusually high
and the tradewinds are unusually weak over the tropical Pacific Ocean. These Southern …

The single most prominent signal in year-to-year climate variability is the Southern
Oscillation, which is associated with fluctuations in atmospheric pressure at sea level in the …

Surface marine observations, satellite data, and station observations of surface pressure
and precipitation are used to describe the evolution of sea surface temperature (SST) …

A coupled atmosphere-ocean model is developed and used to study the ENSO (El
Niñ/Southern Oscillation) phenomenon. With no anomalous external forcing, the coupled …

Beginning from the hypothesis by Bjerknes [1969] that ocean‐atmosphere interaction was
essential to the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon, the Tropical Ocean …

A major accomplishment of the recently completed Tropical Ocean‐Global Atmosphere
(TOGA) Program was the development of an ocean observing system to support seasonal …

Experimental forecasts of El Niño Page 1 NATURE VOL. 321 26 JUNE 1986 ARTICLES 827
Experimental forecasts of El Niño Mark A. Cane, Stephen E. Zebiak & Sean C. Dolan …

This review paper presents an assessment of the current state of knowledge and capability
in seasonal climate prediction at the end of the 20th century. The discussion covers the full …

Improved observations in the tropical Pacific during the Tropical Ocean‐Global Atmosphere
(TOGA) program have served to corroborate preexisting notions concerning the seasonally …

Along the Philippine coast in the western Pacific, the North Equatorial Current (NEC)
bifurcates into the northward flowing Kuroshio and the southward flowing Mindanao Current …