The incidence of autoimmune diseases has been steadily rising. Concomitantly, the
incidence of most infectious diseases has declined. This observation gave rise to the …

Interleukin 17 (IL-17) and its closest relative, IL-17F, have recently drawn much attention in
the field of immunology. IL-17 and IL-17F are expressed by a distinct type of T cells, T helper …

Mucosal surfaces constantly encounter microbes. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate
recognition of microbial patterns to eliminate pathogens. By contrast, we demonstrate that …

The impact of the gut microbiome on host health is becoming increasingly recognized. To
date, there is growing evidence that the complex characteristics of the microbial community …

Summary Interleukin-23 (IL-23) and CD4+ T helper 17 (Th17) cells are thought to be critical
in psoriasis pathogenesis. Here, we report that IL-23 predominantly stimulated dermal γδ T …

T cells are the central mediators of both humoral and cellular adaptive immune responses.
Highly specific receptor-mediated clonal selection and expansion of T cells assure antigen …

Traditional vaccines, based on the administration of killed or attenuated microorganisms,
have proven to be among the most effective methods for disease prevention. Safety issues …

The intestine is the shared site of nutrient digestion, microbiota colonization and immune cell
location and this geographic proximity contributes to a large extent to their interaction. The …

Inflammation plays an essential role in the control of pathogens and in shaping the ensuing
adaptive immune responses. Traditionally, innate immunity has been described as a rapid …

Altered commensal communities are associated with human disease. IgA mediates
intestinal homeostasis and regulates microbiota composition. Intestinal IgA is produced at …