Objectives Children exposed to social adversity—hardship as a result of social
circumstances such as poverty or intergenerational trauma—are at increased risk of poor …

Human brain development occurs within a socioeconomic context and childhood
socioeconomic status (SES) influences neural development—particularly of the systems that …

The importance of maternal education for children's academic outcomes is widely
recognized, and yet the multiple potential mechanisms that explain this relationship are …

This meta-analysis reviewed the literature on socioeconomic status (SES) and academic
achievement in journal articles published between 1990 and 2000. The sample included …

Emergent literacy consists of the skills, knowledge, and attitudes that are developmental
precursors to reading and writing. This article offers a preliminary typology of children's …

Recent research consistently reports that persistent poverty has more detrimental effects on
IQ, school achievement, and socioemotional functioning than transitory poverty, with …

This study examined the process of how socioeconomic status, specifically parents'
education and income, indirectly relates to children's academic achievement through …

This study examined code-related and oral language precursors to reading in a longitudinal
study of 626 children from preschool through 4th grade. Code-related precursors, including …

▪ Abstract Among several viable explanations for the ubiquitous SES-health gradient is
differential exposure to environmental risk. We document evidence of inverse relations …

In the first half of this review, the authors critically evaluate existing research on the
association between stressors and symptoms of psychopathology in children and …