Salicylic acid (SA) is one of the potential plant growth regulators (PGRs) that regulate plant
growth and development by triggering many physiological and metabolic processes. It is …

Growth–defense tradeoffs are thought to occur in plants due to resource restrictions, which
demand prioritization towards either growth or defense, depending on external and internal …

Studies with model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana have revealed that phytohormones
are central regulators of plant defense. The intricate network of phytohormone signaling …

Plants are under relentless challenge by pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes, for
whom they provide a resource of living space and nutrients. Upon detection of pathogens …

Plants possess an effective immune system to combat most microbial attackers. The
activation of immune responses to biotrophic pathogens requires the hormone salicylic acid …

Brassinosteroid (BR) and gibberellin (GA) are two predominant hormones regulating plant
cell elongation. A defect in either of these leads to reduced plant growth and dwarfism …

The constant struggle between plants and microbes has driven the evolution of multiple
defense strategies in the host as well as offense strategies in the pathogen. To defend …

In plants, salicylic acid (SA) is a hormone that mediates a plant's defense against pathogens.
SA also takes an active role in a plant's response to various abiotic stresses, including …

Brassinosteroid (BR) regulates many important agronomic traits and thus has great potential
in agriculture. However, BR application is limited due to its complex effects on plants. The …

Plants are faced with a barrage of stresses in their environment and must constantly balance
their growth and survival. As such, plants have evolved complex control systems that …