Epidemiology is the science of how disease develops in populations, with applications in
human, animal and plant diseases. For plant diseases, epidemiology has developed as a …

Mixed viral infections occur more commonly than would be expected by chance in nature.
Virus-virus interactions may affect viral traits and leave a genetic signature in the population …

Invasion biology examines species originated elsewhere and moved with the help of
humans, and those species' impacts on biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human well …

Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) and Babesia microti (Bm) are vector-borne zoonotic pathogens
commonly found co-circulating in Ixodes scapularis and Peromyscus leucopus populations …

Co-infection is an underappreciated phenomenon in contemporary disease ecology despite
its ubiquity and importance in nature. Viruses, and other co-infecting agents, can interact in …

Despite the availability of effective vaccines, the persistence of severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) suggests that cocirculation with other pathogens …

The fan mussel Pinna nobilis is currently on the brink of extinction due to a multifactorial
disease mainly caused to the highly pathogenic parasite Haplosporidium pinnae, meaning …

The many respiratory viruses that cause influenza-like illness (ILI) are reported and tracked
as one entity, defined by the CDC as a group of symptoms that include a fever of 100 …

The bacterial genus, Borrelia, is comprised of vector-borne spirochete species that infect
and are transmitted from multiple host species. Some Borrelia species cause highly …

Plant diseases caused by viruses share many common features with those caused by other
pathogen taxa in terms of the host–pathogen interaction, but there are also distinctive …