The reliance of aquaculture production on the ambient environment suggests its
vulnerability to climate change. Global warming has led to the increase in water …

All metazoans possess innate immune defence system whereas parameters of the adaptive
immune system make their first appearance in the gnathostomata, the jawed vertebrates …

Parasites and infectious diseases are everywhere and represent some of the most potent
forces shaping the natural world. They affect almost every aspect imaginable in the life of …

The environment impacts on the physiology and psychology of animals in a wide variety of
ways. If we can develop an understanding of how different environmental factors affect …

The heavy reliance of most global aquaculture on the ambient environment suggests
inherent vulnerability to climate change effects. This review explores the potential effects of …

The skin, gills, and gut are the most extensively studied mucosal organs in fish. These
mucosal structures provide the intimate interface between the internal and external milieus …

Background Increases in ocean temperatures and in the frequency and severity of hypoxic
events are expected with climate change, and may become a challenge for cultured Atlantic …

There is nothing like a pandemic to get the world thinking about how infectious diseases
affect individual behavior. In this respect, sick animals can behave in ways that are …

Humans are changing the environmental conditions of our planet, and animal immune
functions are being affected by these modifications. For instance, a diversity of chemical …

During the last decade, a number of studies have shown that, in addition to their classically
described reproductive function, estrogens and androgens also regulate the immune system …