Macrophages are a specialized class of innate immune cells with multifaceted roles in
modulation of the inflammatory response, homeostasis, and wound healing. While …

Alternatively activated macrophage (M2) polarization can result in one of four subtypes
based on cytokines and signaling pathways associated with macrophage activation: M2a …

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is the leading cause of high morbidity and mortality
worldwide, which emphasizes the urgent necessity to develop new pharmacotherapies. In …

Introduction: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a systemic disease with immune
abnormalities that can affect the entire digestive tract. A high percentage of patients with IBD …

The immune system plays an indispensable role in maintaining human health against the
invasion of foreign materials, microorgainisms and pathogens. The autoimmune diseases …

The gut–brain axis is an active area of research. Several representative diseases, including
central nervous system disorders (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and …

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common liver diseases
worldwide. An accumulation of fat, followed by inflammation, is the major cause of NAFLD …

Uncontrolled inflammation and failure to resolve the inflammatory response are crucial
factors involved in the progress of inflammatory diseases. Current therapeutic strategies …

Background Macrophages, a key class of immune cells, have a dual role in inflammatory
responses, switching between anti-inflammatory M2 and pro-inflammatory M1 subtypes …

Efferocytosis, the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells performed by both specialized phagocytes
(such as macrophages) and non‑specialized phagocytes (such as epithelial cells), is …