Cardiovascular disease, with atherosclerosis as the major underlying factor, remains the
leading cause of death worldwide. It is well established that cholesterol ester-enriched foam …

Recent advances have greatly improved our understanding of the molecular mechanisms
behind atherosclerosis pathogenesis. However, there is still a need to systematize this data …

Atherosclerotic plaques develop in the inner intimal layer of arteries and can cause heart
attacks and strokes. As plaques lack innervation, the effects of neuronal control on …

Though an acute kidney injury (AKI) episode is associated with an increased risk of chronic
kidney disease (CKD), the mechanisms determining the transition from acute to irreversible …

The adventitia, the outer layer of the blood vessel wall, may be the most complex layer of the
wall and may be the master regulator of wall physiology and pathobiology. This review …

Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) constitute the major cells in the media layer of
arteries, and are critical to maintain the integrity of the arterial wall. They participate in …

Aims Myocardial infarction (MI) accelerates atherosclerosis and greatly increases the risk of
recurrent cardiovascular events for many years, in particular, strokes and MIs. Because B …

Tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) frequently develop locally in adults in response to non-
resolving inflammation. Chronic inflammation leads to the differentiation of stromal fibroblast …

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by disorders of lipid
metabolism. Abnormal deposition of low-density lipoproteins in the arterial wall stimulates …

Atherosclerosis is considered an inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. Monocytes and
monocyte-derived cells (most often termed macrophages) play an essential role in the …