▪ Abstract Brainstem parasympathetic circuits that modulate digestive functions of the
stomach are comprised of afferent vagal fibers, neurons of the nucleus tractus solitarius …

IN 1963, shortly after the discovery of cAMP (1–5), Ashman et al.(6) identified cyclic-GMP
(cGMP) in rat urine. Reports soon followed showing that various agents including …

Regulation of smooth muscle contractility is essential for many important biological
processes such as tissue perfusion, cardiovascular haemostasis and gastrointestinal …

The accommodation reflex is an important mechanism of normal gastric physiology. In
functional dyspepsia, impairment of accommodation has been found in 40% of cases, but it …

Cyclic GMP is a widely distributed second messenger which was discovered more than 30
years ago. Cyclic GMP is synthesized by soluble and particulate guanylyl cydases and is …

Changes in motor activity are a basic response to filling of smooth muscle organs.
Responses to gastric filling, for example, are thought to be regulated by neural reflexes …

Nitric oxide has a tantalizing role in health and disease: while many of its wide-ranging
effects are well known, there remains much more to explore and to learn about the …

Although Galen, the early Roman physician, was the first to propose the concept of
'pneuma'or spirit that Hows through the vascular and nervous system to animate the whole …

Background and objectives Gastric emptying (GE) may be delayed or rapid in diabetes
mellitus. We sought to ascertain differences in risk factors or associated features (ie diabetic …

The cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling system is one of the most
prominent regulators of a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes in many …