The brain faces various computational tradeoffs, such as the stability-flexibility dilemma. The
major ascending neuromodulatory systems are well suited to dynamically regulate these …

Dopamine contributes to cognitive control through well-established effects in both the
striatum and cortex. Although earlier work suggests that dopamine affects cognitive control …

Stimulants such as methylphenidate are increasingly used for cognitive enhancement but
precise mechanisms are unknown. We found that methylphenidate boosts willingness to …

A hallmark of adaptation in humans and other animals is our ability to control how we think
and behave across different settings. Research has characterized the various forms …

The willingness to exert effort for reward is essential but comes at the cost of fatigue.
Theories suggest fatigue increases after both physical and cognitive exertion, subsequently …

Targeted protein degradation (TPD) technology is based on a unique pharmacological
mechanism that has profoundly revolutionized medicinal research by overcoming limitations …

Apathy and fatigue have distinct aetiologies, yet can manifest in phenotypically similar ways.
In particular, each can give rise to diminished goal-directed behaviour, which is often cited …

Prevailing frameworks propose that a key feature of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD) is lower motivation. An important component of motivation is the willingness to …

Inhibitory control can be less reliable in adolescence, however, in the presence of rewards,
adolescents' performance often improves to adult levels. Dopamine is known to play a role …

Recent work has highlighted neural mechanisms underlying cognitive effort-related
discounting of anticipated rewards. However, findings on whether effort exertion alters the …