Snakebite envenoming is a pathological condition which may occur in response to the
injection of venom. Snake venoms contain a complex mixture of biologically active …

Inflammation is a major characteristic of envenomation by snakes from viperine and
crotaline species. Bothrops asper snake venom elicits, among other alterations, a …

Local tissue damage induced by crotaline snake venoms includes edema, myonecrosis,
hemorrhage, and an inflammatory response associated with a prominent cellular infiltrate …

The therapy of snakebite envenomation has been based on the parenteral administration of
animal-derived antivenoms. Despite the success of this treatment at reducing the impact of …

The immune response involves a complex repertoire of innate and adaptive responses to
foreign agents in the organism. The present review focuses on the immune response to …

Snakebite envenoming represents a major health problem in tropical and subtropical
countries. Considering the elevated number of accidents and high morbidity and mortality …

Envenomation by viperid snakes is characterized by systemic thrombotic syndrome and
prominent local inflammation. To date, the mechanisms underlying inflammation and blood …

Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) are widely distributed in snake venoms and play
important roles in hemostatic disorders and local tissue damage that follows snakebite. The …

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in the blood and
constitute key components of the innate immunity. Upon infection or tissue damage …

Abstract Phospholipases A 2 (PLA 2 s) are proteins found in snake venoms with hemolytic,
anticoagulant, myotoxic, edematogenic, bactericidal and inflammatory actions. In Bothrops …