Heavy metal-induced cellular and organismal toxicity have become a major health concern
in biomedical science. Indiscriminate use of heavy metals in different sectors, such as …

The liver has a multitude of functions which are necessary to maintain whole body
homeostasis. This requires that various metabolic pathways can run in parallel in the most …

Within the last twenty years the view on reactive oxygen species (ROS) has changed; they
are no longer only considered to be harmful but also necessary for cellular communication …

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) mediate a wide variety of cellular behaviors in
response to extracellular stimuli. One of the main subgroups, the p38 MAP kinases, has …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by both enzymatic and non-enzymatic
systems within eukaryotic cells and play important roles in cellular physiology and …

Oxygen-free radicals, more generally known as reactive oxygen species (ROS) along with
reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are well recognised for playing a dual role as both …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a major role in carcinogenesis: pro-oxidant agents like
tobacco smoke, asbestos or N-nitrosamines, are known as mutagenic and carcinogenic, and …

Chromium (Cr) is a naturally occurring metallic element found in the Earth's crust. While
trivalent chromium ([Cr (III)] is considered non-carcinogenic, hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)] …

The hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) was initially identified as a transcription factor that
regulated erythropoietin gene expression in response to a decrease in oxygen availability in …

Occupational and environmental exposures to metals are associated with the development
of various cancers. Although carcinogenesis caused by metals has been intensively …