Ketamine is a phencyclidine derivative, which functions primarily as an antagonist of the N-
methyl-d-aspartate receptor. It has no affinity for gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors in the …

Neurological disorders have emerged as a predominant healthcare concern in recent years
due to their severe consequences on quality of life and prevalence throughout the world …

Multiple non-animal-based test methods have never been formally validated. In order to use
such new approach methods (NAMs) in a regulatory context, criteria to define their …

Ketamine, a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, has been
employed clinically as an intravenous anesthetic since the 1970s. More recently, ketamine …

Maternal alcohol exposure during pregnancy can substantially impact the development of
the fetus, causing a range of symptoms, known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) …

Background Sub-anesthetic ketamine has rapid-onset effects for the treatment of major
depressive disorder (MDD). However, the mechanism underlying ketamine's antidepressant …

Background Multiple studies have revealed that repeated or long-term exposure to ketamine
causes neurodegeneration and cognitive dysfunction. Pyroptosis is an inflammatory form of …

Shenmai injection (SMI), as a patented traditional Chinese medicine, is extracted from
Panax ginseng and Ophiopogon japonicus. It commonly used in the treatment of …

NMDA receptor antagonists have a vital role in extinction, learning, and reconsolidation
processes. During the reconsolidation window, memories are activated into a labile state …

Pain management is complex regardless of whether the pain is acute or chronic in nature or
non-cancer or cancer related. In addition, relatively few pain pharmacotherapy options with …