Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) are RNA sensor molecules that
play essential roles in innate antiviral immunity. Among the three RLRs encoded by the …

Ubiquitination, an important type of protein posttranslational modification (PTM), plays a
crucial role in controlling substrate degradation and subsequently mediates the “quantity” …

CD8+ T cell-mediated cancer clearance is often suppressed by the interaction between
inhibitory molecules like PD-1 and PD-L1, an interaction acts like brakes to prevent T cell …

Aluminum-containing adjuvants have been used for nearly 100 years to enhance immune
responses in billions of doses of vaccines. To date, only a few adjuvants have been …

Pathogen-derived nucleic acids are crucial signals for innate immunity. Despite the
structural similarity between those and host nucleic acids, mammalian cells have been able …

Manganese (Mn) is essential for many physiological processes, but its functions in innate
immunity remain undefined. Here, we found that Mn 2+ was required for the host defense …

The cGAS-STING pathway mediates cytoplasmic DNA-triggered innate immunity. STING
activation is initiated by cyclic-GMP-AMP (cGAMP)-induced translocation from the …

A coordinated balance between the positive and negative regulation of pattern-recognition
receptor (PRR)-initiated innate inflammatory responses is required to ensure the most …

Coronaviruses (CoV) have recently emerged as potentially serious pathogens that can
cause significant human morbidity and death. The severe acute respiratory syndrome …

Viral infection triggers host defenses through pattern-recognition receptor-mediated cytokine
production, inflammasome activation, and apoptosis of the infected cells. Inflammasome …