Chronic pain is maintained in part by central sensitization, a phenomenon of synaptic
plasticity, and increased neuronal responsiveness in central pain pathways after painful …

The previous decade has seen a rapid increase in microglial studies on pain, with a unique
focus on microgliosis in the spinal cord after nerve injury and neuropathic pain. Numerous …

Chronic pain is not simply a temporal continuum of acute pain. Studies on functional
plasticity in neural circuits of pain have provided mechanistic insights and linked various …

The redefinition of neuropathic pain, 23 which specifically excludes the concept of
“dysfunction,” has left a large group of patients without a valid pathophysiological descriptor …

Injury to or disease of the nervous system can invoke chronic and sometimes intractable
neuropathic pain. Many parallel, interdependent, and time-dependent processes, including …

Interleukin-6 is an inflammatory cytokine with wide-ranging biological effects. It has been
widely demonstrated that neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the development of …

Chronic pain is nowadays used as an umbrella term referring to a wide range of clinical
conditions, such as fibromyalgia, migraine, or long-standing pain states without actual …

Chronic pain is a severely debilitating condition that reflects a long-term sensitization of
signal transduction in the afferent pain pathway. Among the key players in this pathway are …

Most current studies of artificial synapses only mimic the static plasticity, which is far from
achieving the complex behaviors of the human brain. The few reported dynamic …

The signal transmission of the nervous system is regulated by neurotransmitters. Depending
on the type of neurotransmitter released by presynaptic neurons, neuron cells can either be …