Immunity and inflammation are key elements of the pathobiology of stroke, a devastating
illness second only to cardiac ischemia as a cause of death worldwide. The immune system …

Cytokines have been implicated as mediators and inhibitors of diverse forms of
neurodegeneration. They are induced in response to brain injury and have diverse actions …

Astrocytes are specialized and the most abundant cell type in the central nervous system
(CNS). They play important roles in the physiology of the brain. Astrocytes are also critically …

Tissue-plasminogen activator (t-PA) is now available for the treatment of thrombo-embolic
stroke but adverse effects have been reported in some patients, particularly hemorrhaging …

Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and physical disability worldwide. The
consequences of stroke injuries are profound and persistent, causing in considerable …

The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysm involves breakdown of
the elastic laminae. Elastolytic cysteine proteases, including cathepsins S and K, are …

In the last two decades it has become apparent that thrombin has many extravascular effects
that are mediated by a family of protease‐activated receptors (PARs). PAR‐1,‐3 and‐4 are …

Coagulation and the immune system interact in several physiological and pathological
conditions, including tissue repair, host defense, and homeostatic maintenance. This …

Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors have been considered as potential targets for
neuroprotective drugs, but the lack of specific drugs has limited the development of …

Despite the characterization of neuroprotection by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1),
the signaling pathway mediating its protective effect is unclear. Bad is a proapoptotic …