We empirically evaluated three theoretical models—the threshold hypothesis, transfer
theory, and time-on-task theory—for educating English language learners (ELLs), with a …

In the first decade of life, children become bilingual in different language learning
environments. Many children start learning two languages from birth (Bilingual First …

Educational policies that impact second language (L2) learners—a rapidly-growing group—
are often enacted without consulting relevant research. This review synthesized research …

The development of English language learners (ELLs) was explored from kindergarten
through eighth grade within a nationally representative sample of first-time kindergartners …

A period of silence has been advanced as a characteristic feature of childhood second
language acquisition. Evidence is presented to document that the presumption of silence as …

This article describes and discusses two case studies of content-based instruction for
second language education—foreign/second language immersion for majority language …

In 2005, Science magazine designated the problem of accounting for difficulties in L2
(second language) learning as one of the 125 outstanding challenges facing scientific …

This nonexperimental study explored the predictive strength of English proficiency levels on
academic achievement of middle school students in a sample of 17,470 native English …

Multilingualism is an international fact of life and increasing in the United States. Multilingual
families are exceedingly diverse, and policies relevant to them should take this into account …

Latino dual language children typically enter school with a wide range of proficiencies in
Spanish and English, many with low proficiency in both languages, yet do make gains in …