This paper, in the form of a frequently asked questions page (FAQ), addresses outstanding
questions about “shadow enhancers”, quasi‐redundant cis‐regulatory elements, and their …

The vertebrate forebrain or prosencephalon is patterned at the beginning of neurulation into
four major domains: the telencephalic, hypothalamic, retinal and diencephalic anlagen …

We review the occurrence of biogenic amines and their potential role as neurotransmitters in
the nervous system of three groups of invertebrate deuterostomes: tunicates …

Tunicates, the sister group of vertebrates, offer a unique perspective for evolutionary
developmental studies (Evo-Devo) due to their simple anatomical organization. Moreover …

Background The retina of craniates/vertebrates has been proposed to derive from a
photoreceptor prosencephalic territory in ancestral chordates, but the evolutionary origin of …

A major prerequisite for the investigation of tissue-specific processes is the identification of
cis-regulatory elements. No generally applicable technique is available to distinguish them …

Key developmental pathways and gene networks underlie the formation of sensory cell
types and structures involved in chemosensation, vision and mechanosensation, and of the …

Background The evolutionary history of cell types provides insights into how morphological
and functional complexity arose during animal evolution. Photoreceptor cell types are …

Abstract Background The Hox family of transcription factors has a fundamental role in
segmentation pathways and axial patterning of embryonic development and their clustered …

Crinoids are considered as the most basal extant echinoderms. They retain aboral nervous
system with a nerve center, which has been degraded in the eleutherozoan echinoderms …