The Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) Strategy Report provides clinicians with an annually
updated evidence-based strategy for asthma management and prevention, which can be …

Abstract The Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) was established in 1993 by the World
Health Organization and the US National Heart Lung and Blood Institute to improve asthma …

Low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) bear a disproportionately high burden of
the global morbidity and mortality caused by chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs), including …

Background As asthma symptoms worsen, patients typically rely on short-acting β2-agonist
(SABA) rescue therapy, but SABAs do not address worsening inflammation, which leaves …

GINA no longer recommends treating adults/adolescents with asthma with short-acting
bronchodilators alone. Instead, they should receive symptom-driven (in mild asthma) or a …

Background In double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, budesonide–formoterol used on an
as-needed basis resulted in a lower risk of severe exacerbation of asthma than as-needed …

Background In adults with mild asthma, a combination of an inhaled corticosteroid with a fast-
onset long-acting β-agonist (LABA) used as reliever monotherapy reduces severe …

Asthma is the most common noncommunicable disease in children, and among the most
common in adults. The great majority of people with asthma live in low and middle income …

Asthma is the the most common chronic respiratory condition of childhood worldwide, with
around 14% of children and young people affected. Despite the high prevalence, paediatric …

Importance The benefits and harms of adding long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs)
to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and long-acting β 2-agonists (LABAs) for moderate to severe …