Outdoor recreation is increasing in intensity and space. Areas previously inaccessible are
now being visited by ever‐growing numbers of people, which increases human–wildlife …

Responding appropriately to changing conditions is crucial in dynamic environments.
Individual variation in the flexibility of physiological mediators of phenotype may influence …

The adrenocortical stress-response is extraordinarily conserved across mammals, birds,
fish, reptiles, and amphibians, suggesting that it has been present during the hundreds of …

Wildlife populations are under increasing pressure from a variety of threatening processes,
ranging from climate change to habitat loss, that can incite a physiological stress response …

Glucocorticoid (GC) hormones are important phenotypic mediators across vertebrates, but
their circulating concentrations can vary markedly. Here we investigate macroevolutionary …

Although stress is usually associated with disease, the physiological and behavioral
responses to stressors are critical mechanisms of resilience for healthy organisms. A recent …

Environmental temperature has profound effects on animal physiology, ecology, and
evolution. Glucocorticoid (GC) hormones, through effects on phenotypic performance and …

Glucocorticoids are important mediators of energy utilization for key physiological
processes, including immune function. Much work has focused on the effects of energy …

The above-mentioned truism applies not only to humans, but also to all other organisms. In
vertebrates, a key response to life's difficulties is the activation of the stress axis. The study of …

As humans alter landscapes worldwide, land and wildlife managers need reliable tools to
assess and monitor responses of wildlife populations. Glucocorticoid (GC) hormone levels …