The past decade has witnessed ongoing progress in precision medicine to improve human
health. As an emerging diagnostic technique, liquid biopsy can provide real-time …

Nucleic acids, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), are
natural biopolymers composed of nucleotides that store, transmit, and express genetic …

The lateral flow assay is one of the most convenient analytical techniques for analyzing the
immune response, but its applicability to precise genetic analyses is limited by the false …

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) provide excellent platforms for the development of colorimetric
biosensors as they can be easily functionalised, displaying different colours depending on …

Lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as signal reporters is a
popular point-of-care diagnostic technique. However, given the weak absorbance of …

Isothermal amplification of nucleic acids is a simple process that rapidly and efficiently
accumulates nucleic acid sequences at constant temperature. Since the early 1990s …

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) has found extensive applications in chemi-sensors and
biosensors. Plasmons play different roles in different types of optical sensors. SPR …

Advanced diagnostic technologies, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-
linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), have been widely used in well-equipped laboratories …

Aptamers have been identified against various targets as a type of chemical or nucleic acid
ligand by systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) with high …

1. INTRODUCTION Detection of chemical and biological agents plays a fundamental role in
biomedical, forensic and environmental sciences 1− 4 as well as in anti bioterrorism …