This study analyzes 131 police–citizen interactions observed during Fall 2016 and coded
through systematic social observation. We assessed how often officers use de-escalation …

Cesario et al. argue that benchmarking the relative counts of killings by police on relative
crime rates, rather than relative population sizes, generates a measure of racial disparity in …

Racial disparities in officer-involved shootings have dominated the national discourse
recently. Unfortunately, we have yet to identify an appropriate benchmark, or at-risk …

When the 2014 police shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, set off riots, we
knew very little about the true number of people killed by American law enforcement. But …

The current study provides findings from a systematic review of the police use of deadly
force literature over the most recently completed decade (2011–2020). After an exhaustive …

This article questions the widespread use of experimental social psychology to understand
real-world group disparities. Standard experimental practice is to design studies in which …

Purpose The current study examined racial/ethnic disparities in officer-involved shootings,
employing violence directed toward police by race/ethnicity as a benchmark for comparison …

Despite calls for police reform to address lethal use of force, there has been little empirical
evaluation of consent decrees—settlement agreements that address police departments' …

African Americans are nearly three times as likely to be killed by police as whites. This paper
examines whether this racial disparity is due in part to racial differences in the circumstances …

Researchers are working to identify appropriate benchmarks for exploring racial bias in the
officer-involved shooting (OIS) context. Two recent studies benchmarked OIS against …