Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was discovered more than a century ago, and its known
roles have extended from within the immune system to include a neuro-inflammatory domain …

In many clinical pain syndromes, painful sensations are greatly amplified so that normally
innocuous sensations, such as light touch or warmth, are perceived as pain. Presently …

Proinflammatory central immune signaling contributes significantly to the initiation and
maintenance of heightened pain states. Recent discoveries have implicated the innate …

Although activated spinal cord glia contribute importantly to neuropathic pain, how nerve
injury activates glia remains controversial. It has recently been proposed, on the basis of …

A decade ago the attention of pain scientists was focused on a small number of molecules
such as prostaglandin and bradykinin as peripheral pain mediators or modulators. These …

One area that has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment and
prevention of chronic pain and opioid tolerance/hyperalgesia is the modulation of the central …

Within the past decade, there has been increasing recognition that glia are far more than
simply “housekeepers” for neurons. This review explores two recently recognized roles of …

Almost every experimental treatment strategy using non-autologous cell, tissue or organ
transplantation is tested in small and large animal models before clinical translation …

The specific mechanisms by which nervous system injury becomes a chronic pain state
remain undetermined. Historically, it has been believed that injuries proximal or distal to the …

It is recently become clear that activated immune cells and immune-like glial cells can
dramatically alter neuronal function. By increasing neuronal excitability, these non-neuronal …