Objectives: The primary aetiologic factor of periodontal disease is the bacterial biofilm. Gram‐
positive and Gram‐negative bacteria possess a plethora of structural or secreted …

Respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung
fibrosis, and lung cancer, pose a huge socio-economic burden on society and are one of the …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a recently emerged infectious disease caused
by a novel coronavirus, but its immunopathological mechanisms have not yet been fully …

Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are considered major effector cells in host defense against
respiratory tract infections by virtue of their potent phagocytic properties. In addition, AMs …

Objective and background: Pathological changes in severe acute respiratory syndrome
(SARS) suggest that SARS sequelae are associated with dysregulation of cytokine and …

Toll-like receptors (TLR) are crucial pattern recognition receptors in innate immunity. The
importance of TLR2 in host defense against Gram-positive bacteria has been suggested by …

Lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a major cell wall component of Gram-positive bacteria, is associated
with various inflammatory diseases ranging from minor skin diseases to severe sepsis. It is …

Background Recent evidence indicates that S taphylococcus aureus, one of the most
important human pathogens, secretes vesicles into the extracellular milieu. Objective To …

Interleukin (IL)-17F is a recently described human cytokine belonging to the IL-17 gene
family, but its in vivo function remains to be determined. To this end, a full-length mouse IL …

Acute lung injury (ALI) is clinically characterized by excessive inflammation leading to acute
respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), having high morbidity and mortality both in human …