Red and far-red light–sensing phytochromes are widespread in nature, occurring in plants,
algae, fungi, and prokaryotes. Despite at least a billion years of evolution, their photosensory …

Optogenetics, a field concentrating on controlling cellular functions by means of light-
activated proteins, has shown tremendous potential in neuroscience. It possesses superior …

Numerous photoreceptors and genetic circuits emerged over the past two decades and now
enable the light-dependent ie, optogenetic, regulation of gene expression in bacteria …

Phytochromes are ubiquitous photoreceptor proteins that undergo a significant refolding of
secondary structure in response to initial photoisomerization of the chromophoric group …

Plants employ a divergent cohort of phytochrome (Phy) photoreceptors to govern many
aspects of morphogenesis through reversible photointerconversion between inactive Pr and …

Sensory photoreceptors abound in nature and enable organisms to adapt behavior,
development, and physiology to environmental light. In optogenetics, photoreceptors allow …

In red-light sensing phytochromes, isomerization of the bilin chromophore triggers structural
and dynamic changes across multiple domains, ultimately leading to control of the output …

Photoactivation of bacteriophytochrome involves a cis–trans photoisomerization of a
biliverdin chromophore, but neither the precise sequence of events nor the direction of the …

Phytochromes (Phys) are a divergent cohort of bili-proteins that detect light through
reversible interconversion between dark-adapted Pr and photoactivated Pfr states. While our …

Bacteria must constantly probe their environment for rapid adaptation, a crucial need most
frequently served by two-component systems (TCS). As one component, sensor histidine …