Respiration is a brain function on which our lives essentially depend. Control of respiration
ensures that the frequency and depth of breathing adapt continuously to metabolic needs. In …

Breathing is a well-described, vital and surprisingly complex behaviour, with behavioural
and physiological outputs that are easy to directly measure. Key neural elements for …

Over the past 10 years, the development and convergence of microbial opsin engineering,
modular genetic methods for cell-type targeting and optical strategies for guiding light …

Recent advances have clarified how the brain detects CO 2 to regulate breathing (central
respiratory chemoreception). These mechanisms are reviewed and their significance is …

Breathing movements in mammals are driven by rhythmic neural activity generated within
spatially and functionally organized brainstem neural circuits comprising the respiratory …

Lung ventilation fluctuates widely with behavior but arterial PCO 2 remains stable. Under
normal conditions, the chemoreflexes contribute to PaCO 2 stability by producing small …

Breathing is an essential behavior that presents a unique opportunity to understand how the
nervous system functions normally, how it balances inherent robustness with a highly …

The ventral surface of the rostral medulla oblongata has been suspected since the 1960s to
harbor central respiratory chemoreceptors [ie, acid-activated neurons that regulate breathing …

Respiratory activities are produced by medullary respiratory rhythm generators and are
modulated from various sites in the lower brainstem, and which are then output as motor …

Contiguous brain regions associated with a given behavior are increasingly being divided
into subregions associated with distinct aspects of that behavior. Using recently developed …