Mushroom bodies (MBs) are multisensory integration centers in the insect brain involved in
learning and memory formation. In the honeybee, the main sensory input region (calyx) of …

A well-established field of research in vertebrates focuses on the variability of cognitive
abilities within species. From mammals to fish, numerous studies have revealed remarkable …

The honey bee Apis mellifera has emerged as a robust and influential model for the study of
classical conditioning thanks to the existence of a powerful Pavlovian conditioning protocol …

Ants, like many other animals, use visual memory to follow extended routes through complex
environments, but it is unknown how their small brains implement this capability. The …

Research on honeybee memory has led to a widely accepted model in which a single
pairing of an odor stimulus with sucrose induces memories that are independent of protein …

The question of whether individuals perform consistently across a variety of cognitive tasks
is relevant for studies of comparative cognition. The honey bee (Apis mellifera) is an …

Extinction learning, the ability to update previously learned information by integrating novel
contradictory information, is of high clinical relevance for therapeutic approaches to the …

Olfactory learning and conditioning in the fruit fly is typically modelled by correlation-based
associative synaptic plasticity. It was shown that the conditioning of an odor-evoked …

Individuals differing in their cognitive abilities and foraging strategies may confer a valuable
benefit to their social groups as variability may help them to respond flexibly in scenarios …

Predicting reinforcement from sensory cues is beneficial for goal-directed behavior. In insect
brains, underlying associations between cues and reinforcement, encoded by dopaminergic …