The use of evidence from clinical trials to support decisions for individual patients is a form of
“reference class forecasting”: implicit predictions for an individual are made on the basis of …

Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition that is often associated with
significant loss of function and/or permanent disability. The pathophysiology of SCI is …

BACKGROUND: Most randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses of RCTs
examine effect modification (also called a subgroup effect or interaction), in which the effect …

Nonrandomized observational analyses of large electronic patient databases are being
promoted as an alternative to randomized clinical trials as a source of “real-world evidence” …

Background: Unlike heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, there is no approved
treatment for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, the predominant phenotype in …

Background Antibiotics can disturb gastrointestinal microbiota which may lead to reduced
resistance to pathogens such as Clostridium difficile (C. difficile). Probiotics are live …

Clinical research should ultimately improve patient care. For this to be possible, trials must
evaluate outcomes that genuinely reflect real-world settings and concerns. However, many …

Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis addresses the efficacy and safety of
corticosteroids in critically ill patients with sepsis. Data Sources: We updated a …

Background: The ATTRACT trial (Acute Venous Thrombosis: Thrombus Removal with
Adjunctive Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis) previously reported that pharmacomechanical …

Objective To systematically review the literature for studies investigating knee osteoarthritis
(OA) phenotypes to examine what OA characteristics are relevant for phenotyping. Methods …