Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is one of the most frequent ICU-acquired infections.
Reported incidences vary widely from 5 to 40% depending on the setting and diagnostic …

Health care-associated infections (HCAIs) are infections that occur while receiving health
care, developed in a hospital or other health care facility that first appear 48 hours or more …

Medical device-associated infections account for a large proportion of hospital-acquired
infections. A variety of opportunistic pathogens can cause implant infections, depending on …

The most recent European guidelines and task force reports on hospital-acquired
pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) were published almost 10 …

There is a growing awareness of the importance of sex and gender in medicine and
research. Women typically have stronger immune responses to self and foreign antigens …

Background The COVID-19 pandemic is responsible for many hospitalizations in intensive
care units (ICU), with widespread use of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) which …

Importance Health care–associated infections (HAIs) account for a large proportion of the
harms caused by health care and are associated with high costs. Better evaluation of the …

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is defined as pneumonia that occurs 48–72 hours or
thereafter following endotracheal intubation, characterized by the presence of a new or …

Globally, pneumonia is a serious public health concern and a major cause of mortality and
morbidity. Despite advances in antimicrobial therapies, microbiological diagnostic tests and …

Background Critical illness is characterized by a loss of commensal flora and an overgrowth
of potentially pathogenic bacteria, leading to a high susceptibility to nosocomial infections …