Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) are a natural
product class that has undergone significant expansion due to the rapid growth in genome …

It is almost a century since nisin was discovered in fermented milk cultures, coincidentally in
the same year that penicillin was first described. Over the last 100 years this small, highly …

Lactococcus lactis has progressed a long way since its discovery and initial use in dairy
product fermentation, to its present biotechnological applications in genetic engineering for …

Most natural environments harbour a stunningly diverse collection of microbial species. In
these communities, bacteria compete with their neighbours for space and resources …

Lactic acid bacteria constitute a diverse group of industrially significant, safe microorganisms
that are primarily used as starter cultures and probiotics, and are also being developed as …

▪ Abstract Microbes produce an extraordinary array of microbial defense systems. These
include classical antibiotics, metabolic by-products, lytic agents, numerous types of protein …

In situ vaccination is a promising strategy to convert the immunosuppressive tumor
microenvironment into an immunostimulatory one with limited systemic exposure and side …

Preservation of food and beverages resulting from fermentation has been an effective form
of extending the shelf-life of foods for millennia. Traditionally, foods were preserved through …

Bacteria communicate through the production of diffusible signal molecules termed
autoinducers. The molecules are produced at basal levels and accumulate during growth …

For many years bacteria were considered primarily as autonomous unicellular organisms
with little capacity for collective behaviour. However, we now appreciate that bacterial cells …