The risk and severity of specific infections are increased during pregnancy due to a
combination of physiological and immunological changes. Characterizing the maternal …

Immune responses to antigens, including innocuous, self, tumor, microbial, and vaccine
antigens, differ between males and females. The quest to uncover the mechanisms for …

The comparison of the immunological state of pregnancy to an immunosuppressed host–
graft model continues to lead research and clinical practice to ill-defined approaches. This …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is composed of three isoforms, TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and
TGF-β3. TGF-β1 is a cytokine with multiple biological functions that has been studied …

Equivalent to regulatory T cells, a novel B cell populace, called regulatory B cells (Bregs),
has been found to exert a negative immune regulatory role. These subsets of cells account …

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is an obstetric complication that affects approximately 5–
10% of all pregnancies worldwide. GDM is defined as any degree of glucose intolerance …

Simple Summary Pregnancy is a continually evolving process with many moving parts that
must be tightly regulated on both the maternal and fetal sides to ensure its success. A …

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) serves as one of the first signals provided by the
embryo to the mother. Exactly at the time when the first step of the implantation process is …

Preterm birth (PTB) is a leading cause of neonatal death worldwide. Intrauterine and
systemic infection and inflammation cause 30–40% of spontaneous preterm labor (PTL) …

The immune system matters. Several areas of clinical relevance should come to mind. First,
regulation of the immune system is thought to play a role in both male and female fertility, 1 …