Abstract The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become a global crisis
and is more devastating than any other previous infectious disease. It has affected a …

Cancer immunotherapy offers substantive benefit to patients with various tumour types, in
some cases leading to complete tumour clearance. However, many patients do not respond …

Genetically engineered T cell therapy can induce remarkable tumor responses in
hematologic malignancies. However, it is not known if this type of therapy can be applied …

Combination anti–cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and anti–programmed cell
death protein 1 (PD-1) therapy promotes antitumor immunity and provides superior benefit to …

Significance: The immune system plays a central role in orchestrating the tissue healing
process. Hence, controlling the immune system to promote tissue repair and regeneration is …

Originally identified in studies of cellular resistance to viral infection, interferon (IFN)-γ is now
known to represent a distinct member of the IFN family and plays critical roles not only in …

The human body is host to large numbers of bacteriophages (phages)–a diverse group of
bacterial viruses that infect bacteria. Phage were previously regarded as bystanders that …

Interferons (IFNs) are a broad class of cytokines elicited on challenge to the host defense
and are essential for mobilizing immune responses to pathogens. Divided into three classes …

Acute inflammation is a response to an alteration induced by a pathogen or a physical or
chemical insult, which functions to eliminate the source of the damage and restore …

Signaling between programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and the PD-1 ligands (PD-L1,
PD-L2) is essential for malignant Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells to evade antitumor …