Recent years have witnessed a steep increase in studies on the diverse roles of neuronal
cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs). The versatility of CCC gene transcription …

The two amino acids GABA and glycine mediate fast inhibitory neurotransmission in different
CNS areas and serve pivotal roles in the spinal sensory processing. Under healthy …

Nociceptors are a subset of small primary afferent neurons that respond to noxious
chemical, thermal and mechanical stimuli. Ion channels in nociceptors respond differently to …

Melzack and Wall's Gate Control Theory of Pain laid the theoretical groundwork for a role of
spinal inhibition in endogenous pain control. While the Gate Control Theory was based on …

Most spiking neurons are divided into functional compartments: a dendritic input region, a
soma, a site of action potential initiation, an axon trunk and its collaterals for propagation of …

Electrical excitation of peripheral somatosensory nerves is a first step in generation of most
pain signals in mammalian nervous system. Such excitation is controlled by an intricate set …

Sensory primary afferent fibers, conveying touch, pain, itch, and proprioception, synapse
onto spinal cord dorsal horn neurons. Primary afferent central terminals express a wide …

Choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPECs) secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). They express
Na+-K+-ATPase and Na+-K+-2Cl− cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) on their apical membrane …

The role of Cl–as an intracellular signaling ion has been increasingly recognized in recent
years. One of the currently best described roles of Cl–in signaling is the modulation of the W …

The mechanisms controlling pain in newborns during delivery are poorly understood. We
explored the hypothesis that oxytocin, an essential hormone for labor and a powerful …