Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) biomineralizing organisms have played major roles in the
history of life and the global carbon cycle during the past 541 Ma. Both marine diversification …

Understanding the vulnerability of marine calcifiers to ocean acidification is a critical issue,
especially in the Southern Ocean (SO), which is likely to be the one of the first, and most …

Ocean acidification represents a threat to marine species worldwide, and forecasting the
ecological impacts of acidification is a high priority for science, management, and policy. As …

Marine organisms are simultaneously exposed to anthropogenic stressors with likely
interactive effects, including synergisms in which the combined effects of multiple stressors …

Ocean acidification results in co-varying inorganic carbon system variables. Of these, an
explicit focus on pH and organismal acid–base regulation has failed to distinguish the …

Ecology Letters (2010) 13: 1419–1434 Abstract Ocean acidification is a pervasive stressor
that could affect many marine organisms and cause profound ecological shifts. A variety of …

Global marine fisheries are underperforming economically because of overfishing, pollution
and habitat degradation. Added to these threats is the looming challenge of climate change …

The partial pressure of CO2 in the oceans has increased rapidly over the past century,
driving ocean acidification and raising concern for the stability of marine ecosystems …

Ocean acidification and warming are considered two of the greatest threats to marine
biodiversity, yet the combined effect of these stressors on marine organisms remains largely …

Global warming and increased atmospheric CO2 are causing the oceans to warm, decrease
in pH and become hypercapnic. These stressors have deleterious impacts on marine …