Background: Chronic axial spinal pain is one of the major causes of significant disability and
health care costs, with facet joints as one of the proven causes of pain. Objective: To provide …

Inflammation in the joint causes peripheral sensitization (increase of sensitivity of
nociceptive primary afferent neurons) and central sensitization (hyperexcitability of …

Background: Opioid use, abuse, and adverse consequences, including death, have
escalated at an alarming rate since the 1990s. In an attempt to control opioid abuse …

BACKGROUND: Regenerative medicine is a medical subspecialty that seeks to recruit and
enhance the body's own inherent healing armamentarium in the treatment of patient …

Despite the diverse chemical structure of aspirin-like drugs, the antinociceptive effect of
NSAIDs is mainly due to their common property of inhibiting cyclooxygenases involved in …

Pain is a major symptom of many different diseases. Modern pain research has uncovered
important neuronal mechanisms that are underlying clinically relevant pain states, and …

Peripheral inflammation involves an increase in cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-mediated
prostaglandin (PG) synthesis in the central nervous system (CNS), which contributes to …

Both inflammatory and degenerative diseases of joints are major causes of chronic pain.
This overview addresses the clinical problem of joint pain, the nociceptive system of the …

Background: A symptom cluster is a group of symptoms that occur together and are
interrelated. The clinical implication of symptom cluster research is to use the clustering …

Alterations in synaptic transmission within the spinal cord dorsal horn play a key role in the
development of pathological pain. While N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and …