Abstract The three-dimensional (3D) multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTs) model is
becoming an essential tool in cancer research as it expresses an intermediate complexity …

The mechanisms behind cancer initiation and progression are not clear. Therefore,
development of clinically relevant models to study cancer biology and drug response in …

While considerable progress has been made in studying genetic and cellular aspects of
metastasis with in vitro cell culture and in vivo animal models, the driving mechanisms of …

Decades of efforts in engineering in vitro cancer models have advanced drug discovery and
the insight into cancer biology. However, the establishment of preclinical models that enable …

Traditional intravenous chemotherapy is relative to many systemic side effects, including
myelosuppression, liver or kidney dysfunction, and neurotoxicity. As an alternative method …

In the body, cells inhabit within a complex three-dimensional (3D) extracellular matrix that
provides physical and chemical signals to regulate the cell fate. Cultured cells in Petri dishes …

Over the last decade, numerous investigations have attempted to clarify the intricacies of
tumor development to propose effective approaches for cancer treatment. Thanks to the …

The generation of 3D tissue constructs with multiple cell types and matching mechanical
properties remains a challenge in cardiac tissue engineering. Recently, 3D bioprinting has …

Abstract 3D in vitro model systems such as spheroids and organoids provide an opportunity
to extend the physiological understanding using recapitulated tissues that mimic …

Tumor progression, including metastasis, is significantly influenced by factors in the tumor
microenvironment (TME) such as mechanical force, shear stress, chemotaxis, and hypoxia …