Background The creation of the World Anti-Doping Agency in 1999 and the first
implementation of the Anti-Doping Code in 2004 established institutional and legal level …

The war on drugs is usually associated with criminal policies aimed at stemming
consumption of drugs such as heroin, cocaine, and cannabis, less so with enhancement …

BACKGROUND: Review articles suggest a small but significant proportion (between 3 and
12%) of male adolescents have used anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) at some point …

Why do many athletes risk their careers by taking performance-enhancing drugs? Do the
highly competitive pressures of elite sports teach athletes to win at any cost? An Introduction …

OBJECTIVES: The study investigated the motivational, achievement goals, and
sportspersonship profiles of elite-level athletes, in relation to doping behavior. METHOD …

There is evidence of a small but significant proportion of adolescents engaging in doping
practices. Young athletes face very specific pressures to achieve results as they strive for a …

Doping is typically referred to by some legal/moral heuristics, labelling the activity illegal and
unfair, and condemning doping users as cheats and rogues. Whilst these heuristics …

The protection of the health of athletes is one of the three criteria taken into account when
registering a substance in the World Anti‐Doping Agency prohibited list. Nevertheless, in …

While sport has been practised since pre-historic times, it is a relatively new subject of
systematic philosophical enquiry. Indeed, the philosophy of sport as an academic sub-field …

In sport, a wide array of substances with established or putative performance-enhancing
properties is used. Most substances are fully acceptable, whilst a defined set, revised …