Reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur species, referred to as ROS, RNS, and RSS,
respectively, are produced during normal cell function and in response to various stimuli. An …

Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and detoxification are tightly
balanced. Shifting this balance enables ROS to activate intracellular signaling and/or induce …

Redox-dependent processes influence most cellular functions, such as differentiation,
proliferation, and apoptosis. Mitochondria are at the center of these processes, as …

Redox signaling refers to the specific and usually reversible oxidation/reduction modification
of molecules involved in cellular signaling pathways. In the heart, redox signaling regulates …

Cysteine residues in proteins are subject to diverse redox chemistry. Oxidation of cysteine to
S-nitrosocysteine, cysteine sulfenic and sulfinic acids, disulfides and persulfides are a few …

Exposure of cells to sublethal oxidative stress results in the modulation of various signaling
pathways. Oxidants can activate and inactivate transcription factors, membrane channels …

Disulfide bond formation is probably involved in the biogenesis of approximately one third of
human proteins. A central player in this essential process is protein disulfide isomerase or …

Significance: The mitochondrial matrix contains much of the machinery at the heart of
metabolism. This compartment is also exposed to a high and continual flux of superoxide …

Understanding the dynamics of redox elements in biologic systems remains a major
challenge for redox signaling and oxidative stress research. Central redox elements include …

Cell Science at a Glance 801 of a particular reactive oxygen species (ROS) or the shift in
redox state of a responsive group such as a dithiol–disulphide couple (D'Autreaux and …