The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the site of membrane protein insertion, folding, and
assembly in eukaryotes. Over the past few years, a combination of genetic and biochemical …

Membrane proteins are inserted into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by two highly
conserved parallel pathways. The well-studied co-translational pathway uses signal …

Most eukaryotic multipass membrane proteins are inserted into the membrane of the
endoplasmic reticulum. Their transmembrane domains (TMDs) are thought to be inserted co …

Summary Tail-anchored (TA) proteins, defined by the presence of a single C-terminal
transmembrane domain (TMD), play critical roles throughout the secretory pathway and in …

Approximately 25% of eukaryotic genes code for integral membrane proteins that are
assembled at the endoplasmic reticulum. An abundant and widely conserved multi-protein …

Integral membrane proteins of the cell surface and most intracellular compartments of
eukaryotic cells are assembled at the endoplasmic reticulum. Two highly conserved and …

Membranes surrounding cells or organelles represent barriers to proteins and other
molecules. However, specific proteins can cross membranes by different translocation …

The topology of polytopic membrane proteins is determined by topogenic sequences in the
protein, protein-translocon interactions, and interactions during folding within the protein and …

A large group of diverse, functionally important, and differently localized transmembrane
proteins, share a particular membrane topology, consisting of a cytosolic N-terminal region …

Co-translational transport of polypeptides into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) involves the
Sec61 channel and additional components such as the ER lumenal Hsp70 BiP and its …